Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 48, ISSUE 4, P779-793, December 2019

Hypertension and Acromegaly

Published:September 17, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.008

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Melmed S.
        Acromegaly.
        N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 966-977
        • Colao A.
        • Ferone D.
        • Marzullo P.
        • et al.
        Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management.
        Endocr Rev. 2004; 25: 102-152
        • Mestron A.
        • Webb S.M.
        • Astorga R.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, outcome, morbidity and mortality in acromegaly based on the Spanish Acromegaly Registry (Registro Espanol de Acromegalia, REA).
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 151: 439-446
        • Holdaway I.M.
        • Rajasoorya R.C.
        • Gamble G.D.
        Factors influencing mortality in acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 667-674
        • Holdaway I.M.
        • Bolland M.J.
        • Gamble G.D.
        A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-1 on mortality in acromegaly.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 159: 89-95
        • Arosio M.
        • Reimondo G.
        • Malchiodi E.
        • et al.
        Predictors of morbidity and mortality in acromegaly: an Italian survey.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 167: 189-198
        • Ragonese M.
        • Alibrandi A.
        • Di Bella G.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular events in acromegaly: distinct role of Agatston and Framingham score in the 5-year prediction.
        Endocrine. 2014; 47: 206-212
        • López-Velasco R.
        • Escobar-Morreale H.F.
        • Vega B.
        • et al.
        Cardiac involvement in acromegaly: specific myocardiopathy or consequence of systemic hypertension?.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 1047-1053
        • Colao A.
        • Baldelli R.
        • Marzullo P.
        • et al.
        Systemic hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance are independently correlated to the severity of the acromegalic cardiomyopathy.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85: 193-199
        • Mercado M.
        • Gonzalez B.
        • Vargas G.
        • et al.
        Successful mortality reduction and control of comorbidities in patients with acromegaly followed at a highly specialized multidisciplinary clinic.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: 4438-4446
        • Ritvonen E.
        • Löyttyniemi E.
        • Jaatinen P.
        • et al.
        Mortality in acromegaly: a 20-year follow-up study.
        Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015; 23: 469-480
        • Broder M.S.
        • Neary M.P.
        • Chang E.
        • et al.
        Treatments, complications, and healthcare utilization associated with acromegaly: a study in two large United States databases.
        Pituitary. 2014; 17: 333-341
        • Bex M.
        • Abs R.
        • T'Sjoen G.
        • et al.
        AcroBel the Belgian registry on acromegaly: a survey of the 'real-life' outcome in 418 acromegalic subjects.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2007; 157: 399-409
        • Anagnostis P.
        • Efstathiadou Z.A.
        • Polyzos S.A.
        • et al.
        Acromegaly: presentation, morbidity and treatment outcomes at a single centre.
        Int J Clin Pract. 2011; 65: 896-902
        • Mercieca C.
        • Gruppetta M.
        • Vassallo J.
        Epidemiology, treatment trends and outcomes of acromegaly.
        Eur J Intern Med. 2012; 23: e206-e207
        • Vallette S.
        • Ezzat S.
        • Chik C.
        • et al.
        Emerging trends in the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly in Canada.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013; 79: 79-85
        • Hoskuldsdottir G.T.
        • Fjalldal S.B.
        • Sigurjonsdottir H.A.
        The incidence and prevalence of acromegaly, a nationwide study from 1955 through 2013.
        Pituitary. 2015; 18: 803-807
        • Dal J.
        • Feldt-Rasmussen U.
        • Andersen M.
        • et al.
        Acromegaly incidence, prevalence, complications and long-term prognosis: a nationwide cohort study.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175: 181-190
        • Portocarrero-Ortiz L.A.
        • Vergara-Lopez A.
        • Vidrio-Velazquez M.
        • et al.
        The Mexican acromegaly registry: clinical and biochemical characteristics at diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 101: 3997-4004
        • Carmichael J.D.
        • Broder M.S.
        • Cherepanov D.
        • et al.
        Long-term treatment outcomes of acromegaly patients presenting biochemically-uncontrolled at a tertiary pituitary center.
        BMC Endocr Disord. 2017; 17: 49
        • Lesén E.
        • Granfeldt D.
        • Houchard A.
        • et al.
        Comorbidities, treatment patterns and cost-of-illness of acromegaly in Sweden: a register-linkage population-based study.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2017; 176: 203-212
        • Schofl C.
        • Petroff D.
        • Tonjes A.
        • et al.
        Incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in acromegaly patients: results from the German Acromegaly Registry.
        Pituitary. 2017; 20: 635-642
        • Maione L.
        • Brue T.
        • Beckers A.
        • et al.
        Changes in the management and comorbidities of acromegaly over three decades: the French Acromegaly Registry.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2017; 176: 645-655
        • Minniti G.
        • Moroni C.
        • Jaffrain-Rea M.L.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of hypertension in acromegalic patients: clinical measurement versus 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998; 48: 149-152
        • Costenaro F.
        • Martin A.
        • Horn R.F.
        • et al.
        Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with acromegaly.
        J Hypertens. 2016; 34: 1357-1363
        • Ohtsuka H.
        • Komiya I.
        • Aizawa T.
        • et al.
        Hypertension in acromegaly: hereditary hypertensive factor produces hypertension by enhancing IGF-I production.
        Endocr J. 1995; 42: 781-787
        • Vitale G.
        • Pivonello R.
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • et al.
        Hypertension in acromegaly and in the normal population: prevalence and determinants.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005; 63: 470-476
        • Schutte A.E.
        • Volpe M.
        • Tocci G.
        • et al.
        Revisiting the relationship between blood pressure and insulin-like growth factor-1.
        Hypertension. 2014; 63: 1070-1077
        • Powlson A.S.
        • Gurnell M.
        Cardiovascular disease and sleep disordered breathing in acromegaly.
        Neuroendocrinology. 2016; 103: 75-85
        • Sardella C.
        • Cappellani D.
        • Urbani C.
        • et al.
        Disease activity and lifestyle influence comorbidities and cardiovascular events in patients with acromegaly.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175: 443-453
        • Melmed S.
        • Casanueva F.F.
        • Klibanski A.
        • et al.
        A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications.
        Pituitary. 2013; 16: 294-302
        • Terzolo M.
        • Matrella C.
        • Boccuzzi A.
        • et al.
        Twenty-four hour profile of blood pressure in patients with acromegaly. Correlation with demographic, clinical and hormonal features.
        J Endocrinol Invest. 1999; 22: 48-54
        • Sardella C.
        • Urbani C.
        • Lombardi M.
        • et al.
        The beneficial effect of acromegaly control on blood pressure values in normotensive patients.
        Clin Endocrinol. 2014; 81: 573-581
        • Feld S.
        • Hirschgerg R.
        Growth Hormone, the insulin-like growth factor system, and the kidney.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 5: 423-480
        • Lin C.J.
        • Mendonca B.B.
        • Lucon A.M.
        • et al.
        Growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in normal and pathologic human adrenocortical tissuesAn analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 2671-2676
        • Kamenicky P.
        • Viengchareun S.
        • Blanchard A.
        • et al.
        Epithelial sodium channel is a key mediator of growth hormone induced sodium retention in acromegaly.
        Endocrinology. 2008; 149: 3294-3305
        • Kamenicky P.
        • Blanchard A.
        • Frank M.
        • et al.
        Body fluid expansion in acromegaly is related to enhanced epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96: 2127-2135
        • Bielohuby M.
        • Roemmler J.
        • Manolopoulou J.
        • et al.
        Chronic growth hormone excess is associated with increased aldosterone: a study in patients with acromegaly and in growth hormone transgenic mice.
        Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009; 234: 1002-1009
        • Moller J.
        • Jorgensen J.O.
        • Marqversen J.
        • et al.
        Insulin-like growth factor I administration induces fluid and sodium retention in healthy adults: Possible involvement of renin and atrial natriuretic factor.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000; 52: 181-186
        • Kraatz C.
        • Benker G.
        • Weber F.
        • et al.
        Acromegaly and hypertension: Prevalence and relationship to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
        Klin Wochenschr. 1990; 68: 583-587
        • Zacharieva S.
        • Andreeva M.
        • Andonova K.
        Effect of sodium depletion on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal prostaglandins in acromegalic patients.
        Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1990; 96: 213-218
        • Mulatero P.
        • Veglio F.
        • Maffei P.
        • et al.
        CYP11B2-344T/C Gene Polymorphism and Blood Pressure in Patients with Acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91: 5008-5012
        • Erbas T.
        • Cinar N.
        • Dagdelen S.
        • et al.
        Association between ACE and AGT polymorphism and cardiovascular risk in acromegalic patients.
        Pituitary. 2017; 20: 569-577
        • McKnight J.A.
        • McCance D.R.
        • Hadden D.R.
        • et al.
        Basal and saline-stimulated levels of plasma atrial natriuretic factor in acromegaly.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1989; 31: 431-438
        • Brands M.W.
        • Manhiani M.M.
        Sodium-retaining effect of insulin in diabetes.
        Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012; 303: R1101-R1109
        • Slowinska-Srzednicka J.
        • Zgliczynski S.
        • Soszynski P.
        • et al.
        High blood pressure and hyperinsulinaemia in acromegaly and in obesity.
        Clin Exp Hypertens. 1989; A11: 407-425
        • Ikeda T.
        • Terasawa H.
        • Ishimura M.
        • et al.
        Correlation between blood pressure and plasma insulin in acromegaly.
        J Intern Med. 1993; 234: 61-63
        • Ezzat S.
        • Forster M.J.
        • Berchtold P.
        • et al.
        Acromegaly. Clinical and biochemical features in 500 patients.
        Medicine (Baltimore). 1994; 73: 233-240
        • Jaffrain-Rea M.L.
        • Moroni C.
        • Baldelli R.
        • et al.
        Relationship between blood pressure and glucose tolerance in acromegaly.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001; 54: 189-195
        • Bondanelli M.
        • Ambrosio M.R.
        • degli Uberti E.C.
        Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly.
        Pituitary. 2001; 4: 239-249
        • Grassi G.
        • Mark A.
        • Esler M.
        The sympathetic nervous system alterations in human hypertension.
        Circ Res. 2015; 116: 976-990
        • Bondanelli M.
        • Ambrosio M.R.
        • Franceschetti P.
        • et al.
        Diurnal rhythm of plasma catecholamines in acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84: 2458-2467
        • Sumbul H.E.
        • Koc A.S.
        Hypertension is Common in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acromegaly and is Independently Associated with Renal Resistive Index.
        High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019; 26: 69-75
        • Kamide K.
        • Hori M.T.
        • Zhu J.H.
        • et al.
        Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I promotes angiotensinogen production and growth in vascular smooth muscle cells.
        J Hypertens. 2000; 18: 1051-1056
        • Rizzoni D.
        • Porteri E.
        • Giustina A.
        • et al.
        Acromegalic patients show the presence of hypertrophic remodeling of subcutaneous small resistance arteries.
        Hypertension. 2004; 43: 561-565
        • Paisley A.N.
        • Izzard A.S.
        • Gemmell I.
        • et al.
        Small vessel remodeling and impaired endothelial-dependent dilatation in subcutaneous resistance arteries from patients with acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94: 1111-1117
        • Maison P.
        • Démolis P.
        • Young J.
        • et al.
        Vascular reactivity in acromegalic patients: preliminary evidence for regional endothelial dysfunction and increased sympathetic vasoconstriction.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000; 53: 445-451
        • Ronconi V.
        • Giacchetti G.
        • Mariniello B.
        • et al.
        Reduced nitric oxide levels in acromegaly: cardiovascular implications.
        Blood Press. 2005; 14: 227-232
        • Baykan M.
        • Erem C.
        • Gedikli O.
        • et al.
        Impairment in flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery in acromegaly.
        Med Princ Pract. 2009; 18: 228-232
        • Yaron M.
        • Izkhakov E.
        • Sack J.
        • et al.
        Arterial properties in acromegaly: relation to disease activity and associated cardiovascular risk factors.
        Pituitary. 2016; 19: 322-331
        • Anagnostis P.
        • Efstathiadou Z.A.
        • Gougoura S.
        • et al.
        Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative status, along with endothelial dysfunction in acromegaly.
        Horm Metab Res. 2013; 45: 314-318
        • Chen Z.
        • Yu Y.
        • He M.
        • et al.
        Higher growth hormone levels are associated with erectile dysfunction in male patients with acromegaly.
        Endocr Pract. 2019; 25: 562-571
        • Cersosimo E.
        • DeFronzo R.A.
        Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: the road map to cardiovascular diseases.
        Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006; 22: 423-436
        • Pietrobelli D.J.
        • Akopian M.
        • Olivieri A.O.
        • et al.
        Altered circadian blood pressure profile in patients with active acromegaly. Relationship with left ventricular mass and hormonal values.
        J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15: 601-605
        • Attal P.
        • Chanson P.
        Endocrine aspects of obstructive sleep apnea.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 483-495
        • Davì M.V.
        • Giustina A.
        Sleep apnea in acromegaly: a review on prevalence, pathogenetic aspects and treatment.
        Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 7: 55-62
        • Lavie P.
        • Herer P.
        • Hoffstein V.
        Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: Population study.
        BMJ. 2000; 320: 479-482
        • Bradley T.D.
        • Floras J.S.
        Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences.
        Lancet. 2009; 373: 82-93
        • Thomas J.D.J.
        • Dattani A.
        • Zemrak F.
        • et al.
        Renin-angiotensin system blockade improves cardiac indices in acromegaly patients.
        Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017; 125: 365-367
        • Colao A.
        • Terzolo M.
        • Bondanelli M.
        • et al.
        GH and IGF-I excess control contributes to blood pressure control: results of an observational, retrospective, multicentre study in 105 hypertensive acromegalic patients on hypertensive treatment.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008; 69: 613-620
        • González B.
        • Vargas G.
        • de Los Monteros A.L.E.
        • et al.
        Persistence of diabetes and hypertension after multimodal treatment of acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 103: 2369-2375
        • Katznelson L.
        • Laws Jr., E.R.
        • Melmed S.
        • et al.
        • Endocrine Society
        Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: 3933-3951
        • Yonenaga M.
        • Fujio S.
        • Habu M.
        • et al.
        Postoperative changes in metabolic parameters of patients with surgically controlled acromegaly: assessment of new stringent cure criteria.
        Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2018; 58: 147-155
        • Jaffrain-Rea M.L.
        • Minniti G.
        • Moroni C.
        • et al.
        Impact of successful transsphenoidal surgery on cardiovascular risk factors in acromegaly.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 148: 193-201
        • Minniti G.
        • Moroni C.
        • Jaffrain-Rea M.L.
        • et al.
        Marked improvement in cardiovascular function after successful transsphenoidal surgery in acromegalic patients.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001; 55: 307-313
        • Reyes-Vidal C.
        • Fernandez J.C.
        • Bruce J.N.
        • et al.
        Prospective study of surgical treatment of acromegaly: effects on ghrelin, weight, adiposity, and markers of CV risk.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: 4124-4132
        • Colao A.
        • Pivonello R.
        • Galderisi M.
        • et al.
        Impact of treating acromegaly first with surgery or somatostatin analogs on cardiomyopathy.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93: 2639-2646
        • Serri O.
        • Beauregard C.
        • Hardy J.
        Long-term biochemical status and disease-related morbidity in 53 postoperative patients with acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 658-661
        • Carmichael J.D.
        • Bonert V.S.
        • Nuño M.
        • et al.
        Acromegaly clinical trial methodology impact on reported biochemical efficacy rates of somatostatin receptor ligand treatments: a meta-analysis.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: 1825-1833
        • Gadelha M.R.
        • Bronstein M.D.
        • Brue T.
        • et al.
        Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial.
        Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2: 875-884
        • Ronchi C.L.
        • Varca V.
        • Beck-Peccoz P.
        • et al.
        Comparison between six-year therapy with long-acting somatostatin analogs and successful surgery in acromegaly: effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91: 121-128
        • Colao A.
        • Ferone D.
        • Marzullo P.
        • et al.
        Long-term effects of depot long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide on hormone levels and tumor mass in acromegaly.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 2779-2786
        • Maison P.
        • Tropeano A.I.
        • Macquin-Mavier I.
        • et al.
        Impact of somatostatin analogs on the heart in acromegaly: a metaanalysis.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 1743-1747
        • Colao A.
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • Galdiero M.
        • et al.
        Effects of initial therapy for five years with somatostatin analogs for acromegaly on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels, tumor shrinkage, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94: 3746-3756
        • Trainer P.
        • Drake W.
        • Katznelson L.
        • et al.
        Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone-receptor antagonist pegvisomant.
        N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1171-1177
        • van der Lely A.J.
        • Hutson R.K.
        • Trainer P.J.
        • et al.
        Long-term treatment of acromegaly with pegvisomant, a growth hormone receptor antagonist.
        Lancet. 2001; 358: 1754-1759
        • Grottoli S.
        • Maffei P.
        • Bogazzi F.
        • et al.
        ACROSTUDY: the Italian experience.
        Endocrine. 2015; 48: 334-341
        • Ragonese M.
        • Grottoli S.
        • Maffei P.
        • et al.
        How to improve effectiveness of pegvisomant treatment in acromegalic patients.
        J Endocrinol Invest. 2017; 41: 575-581
        • Puglisi S.
        • Spagnolo F.
        • Ragonese M.
        • et al.
        First report on persistent remission of acromegaly after withdrawal of long-term pegvisomant monotherapy.
        Growth Horm IGF Res. 2019; 45: 17-19
        • Colao A.
        • Pivonello R.
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of 12-month treatment with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly resistant to long-term, high-dose somatostatin analog treatment: effect on IGF-I levels, tumor mass, hypertension and glucose tolerance.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154: 467-477
        • Pivonello R.
        • Galderisi M.
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • et al.
        Treatment with growth hormone receptor antagonist in acromegaly: effect on cardiac structure and performance.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 476-482
        • De Martino M.C.
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • Brevetti G.
        • et al.
        The treatment with growth hormone receptor antagonist in acromegaly: effect on vascular structure and function in patients resistant to somatostatin analogues.
        J Endocrinol Invest. 2010; 33: 663-670
        • Auriemma R.S.
        • Grasso L.F.
        • Galdiero M.
        • et al.
        Effects of long-term combined treatment with somatostatin analogues and pegvisomant on cardiac structure and performance in acromegaly.
        Endocrine. 2017; 55: 872-884
        • Berg C.
        • Petersenn S.
        • Lahner H.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with uncontrolled and long-term acromegaly: comparison with matched data from the general population and the effect of disease control.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 3648-3656
        • Briet C.
        • Ilie M.D.
        • Kuhn E.
        • et al.
        Changes in metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors after therapeutic control of acromegaly vary with the treatment modality. Data from the Bicêtre cohort, and review of the literature.
        Endocrine. 2019; 63: 348-360