Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 52, ISSUE 1, P135-147, March 2023

Ameliorating Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

  • Issam Motairek
    Affiliations
    University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Sadeer Al-Kindi
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author. University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
    Affiliations
    University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
    Search for articles by this author
Published:November 17, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2022.07.002

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Rawshani A.
        • Rawshani A.
        • Franzén S.
        • et al.
        Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2017; 376: 1407-1418
        • Lazarte J.
        • Hegele R.A.
        Dyslipidemia Management in Adults With Diabetes.
        Can J Diabetes. 2020; 44: 53-60
        • Rana J.S.
        • Liu J.Y.
        • Moffet H.H.
        • et al.
        Metabolic Dyslipidemia and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in 28,318 Adults With Diabetes Mellitus and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol <100 mg/dl.
        Am J Cardiol. 2015; 116: 1700-1704
        • Turner R.C.
        • Millns H.
        • Neil H.a.W.
        • et al.
        Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS: 23).
        BMJ. 1998; 316: 823-828
        • Colhoun H.M.
        • Betteridge D.J.
        • Durrington P.N.
        • et al.
        Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial.
        Lancet Lond Engl. 2004; 364: 685-696
        • Kearney P.M.
        • Blackwell L.
        • Collins R.
        • et al.
        • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators
        Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis.
        Lancet Lond Engl. 2008; 371: 117-125
        • Vries FM de
        • Kolthof J.
        • Postma M.J.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of Standard and Intensive Statin Treatment for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Diabetes Patients: A Meta-Analysis.
        PLOS ONE. 2014; 9: e111247
        • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee
        Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022.
        Diabetes Care. 2021; 45: S144-S174
        • Grundy S.M.
        • Stone N.J.
        • Bailey A.L.
        • et al.
        2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73: e285-e350
        • Cannon C.P.
        • Blazing M.A.
        • Giugliano R.P.
        • et al.
        Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes.
        N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 2387-2397
        • Sabatine M.S.
        • Leiter L.A.
        • Wiviott S.D.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab in patients with and without diabetes and the effect of evolocumab on glycaemia and risk of new-onset diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the FOURIER randomised controlled trial.
        Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5: 941-950
        • Bhatt D.L.
        • Steg P.G.
        • Miller M.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.
        N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 11-22
        • Nicholls S.J.
        • Lincoff A.M.
        • Garcia M.
        • et al.
        Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial.
        JAMA. 2020; 324: 2268-2280
        • de Boer I.H.
        • Bangalore S.
        • Benetos A.
        • et al.
        Diabetes and Hypertension: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association.
        Diabetes Care. 2017; 40: 1273-1284
        • 38 Collaborators U.K.P.D.S.
        Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
        BMJ. 1998; 317: 703-713
      1. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
        N Engl J Med. 2010; 362: 1575-1585
        • Brunström M.
        • Carlberg B.
        Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses.
        BMJ. 2016; 352: i717
        • Newman J.D.
        • Schwartzbard A.Z.
        • Weintraub H.S.
        • et al.
        Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70: 883-893
      2. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016 Abridged for Primary Care Providers.
        Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc. 2016; 34: 3-21
        • 33 Collaborators U.K.P.D.S.
        Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
        Lancet. 1998; 352: 837-853
        • Stratton I.M.
        • Adler A.I.
        • Neil H.A.
        • et al.
        Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study.
        BMJ. 2000; 321: 405-412
        • Brown A.
        • Reynolds L.R.
        • Bruemmer D.
        Intensive glycemic control and cardiovascular disease: an update.
        Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010; 7: 369-375
        • Duckworth W.
        • Abraira C.
        • Moritz T.
        • et al.
        Glucose Control and Vascular Complications in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 129-139
      3. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2545-2559
        • Patel A.
        • MacMahon S.
        • Chalmers J.
        • et al.
        • ADVANCE Collaborative Group
        Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2560-2572
        • McGuire D.K.
        • Shih W.J.
        • Cosentino F.
        • et al.
        Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis.
        JAMA Cardiol. 2021; 6: 148-158
        • Kristensen S.L.
        • Rørth R.
        • Jhund P.S.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials.
        Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7: 776-785
        • Schjoedt K.J.
        • Rossing K.
        • Juhl T.R.
        • et al.
        Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy.
        Kidney Int. 2005; 68: 2829-2836
        • Bakris G.L.
        • Agarwal R.
        • Anker S.D.
        • et al.
        Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 2219-2229
        • Pitt B.
        • Filippatos G.
        • Agarwal R.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2021; 385: 2252-2263
        • Frampton J.E.
        Finerenone: First Approval.
        Drugs. 2021; 81: 1787-1794
        • Rawshani A.
        • Rawshani A.
        • Franzén S.
        • et al.
        Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 633-644
        • The ASCEND Study Collaborative Group
        Effects of Aspirin for Primary Prevention in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus.
        N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 1529-1539
        • Eikelboom J.W.
        • Connolly S.J.
        • Bosch J.
        • et al.
        Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease.
        N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 1319-1330
        • Sharif S.
        • Van der Graaf Y.
        • Cramer M.J.
        • et al.
        Low-grade inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.
        Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021; 20: 220
        • Ridker P.M.
        • Everett B.M.
        • Thuren T.
        • et al.
        Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease.
        N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 1119-1131
        • Tardif J.C.
        • Kouz S.
        • Waters D.D.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction.
        N Engl J Med. 2019; 381: 2497-2505
        • Wing R.R.
        • Bolin P.
        • Brancati F.L.
        • et al.
        • Look AHEAD Research Group
        Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes.
        N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 145-154
        • Franz M.J.
        • MacLeod J.
        • Evert A.
        • et al.
        Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Practice Guideline for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Systematic Review of Evidence for Medical Nutrition Therapy Effectiveness and Recommendations for Integration into the Nutrition Care Process.
        J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017; 117: 1659-1679
        • Franz M.J.
        • Boucher J.L.
        • Rutten-Ramos S.
        • et al.
        Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
        J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015; 115: 1447-1463
        • Estruch R.
        • Ros E.
        • Salas-Salvadó J.
        • et al.
        Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts.
        N Engl J Med. 2018; 378: e34
        • Siervo M.
        • Lara J.
        • Chowdhury S.
        • et al.
        Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Br J Nutr. 2015; 113: 1-15
        • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee
        5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022.
        Diabetes Care. 2021; 45: S60-S82
        • Zhu B.
        • Quinn L.
        • Kapella M.C.
        • et al.
        Relationship between sleep disturbance and self-care in adults with type 2 diabetes.
        Acta Diabetol. 2018; 55: 963-970
        • Shan Z.
        • Ma H.
        • Xie M.
        • et al.
        Sleep Duration and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.
        Diabetes Care. 2015; 38: 529-537
      4. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. - Abstract - Europe PMC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 1, 2022)
        • Tonstad S.
        • Lawrence D.
        Varenicline in smokers with diabetes: A pooled analysis of 15 randomized, placebo-controlled studies of varenicline.
        J Diabetes Investig. 2017; 8: 93-100
        • Hill-Briggs F.
        • Adler N.E.
        • Berkowitz S.A.
        • et al.
        Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes: A Scientific Review.
        Diabetes Care. 2020; 44: 258-279
        • Falkentoft A.C.
        • Zareini B.
        • Andersen J.
        • et al.
        Socioeconomic position and first-time major cardiovascular event in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Danish nationwide cohort study.
        Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 28: 1819-1828
        • Kim S.H.
        • Lee A.
        Health-Literacy-Sensitive Diabetes Self-Management Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
        Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2016; 13: 324-333
        • Palmas W.
        • March D.
        • Darakjy S.
        • et al.
        Community Health Worker Interventions to Improve Glycemic Control in People with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
        J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30: 1004-1012
        • Twohig-Bennett C.
        • Jones A.
        The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes.
        Environ Res. 2018; 166: 628-637
        • Walzer D.
        • Gordon T.
        • Thorpe L.
        • et al.
        Effects of Home Particulate Air Filtration on Blood Pressure.
        Hypertension. 2020; 76: 44-50https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14456
        • Peterson G.C.L.
        • Hogrefe C.
        • Corrigan A.E.
        • et al.
        Impact of Reductions in Emissions from Major Source Sectors on Fine Particulate Matter-Related Cardiovascular Mortality.
        Environ Health Perspect. 2020; 128: 17005
        • Sarkar S.
        • Orimoloye O.A.
        • Nass C.M.
        • et al.
        Cardiovascular Risk Heterogeneity in Adults with Diabetes: Selective Use of Coronary Artery Calcium in Statin Use Decision-making.
        J Gen Intern Med. 2019; 34: 2643-2647
        • Malik S.
        • Zhao Y.
        • Budoff M.
        • et al.
        Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Long-term Risk Classification in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
        JAMA Cardiol. 2017; 2: 1332-1340
        • Ahlqvist E.
        • Storm P.
        • Käräjämäki A.
        • et al.
        Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables.
        Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018; 6: 361-369
        • Riddle M.C.
        • Cefalu W.T.
        • Evans P.H.
        • et al.
        Consensus Report: Definition and Interpretation of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes.
        Diabetes Care. 2021; 44: 2438-2444
        • Hounkpatin H.
        • Stuart B.
        • Farmer A.
        • et al.
        Association of type 2 diabetes remission and risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-defined subgroups.
        Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2021; 4: e00280